Editing Kamal Adham (section)

==Controversies and Legal Issues==
Adham’s career was marred by significant controversies:
Arabian Oil Company Dispute (1961–1962): Saudi Oil Minister Abdullah Tariki accused Adham of receiving a secret 2% profit share from the Arabian Oil Company, co-founded by Saudi Arabia and Japan. The agreement was canceled in January 1962, leading to Tariki’s dismissal in March 1962, highlighting Adham’s influence and royal protection.

BCCI Scandal (1990s): U.S. prosecutors accused Adham of orchestrating BCCI’s illegal takeover of First American Bank. In 1992, he and Sayed Al Jawhary pleaded guilty, paying a $105 million fine (equivalent to $230 million in 2024) for a reduced sentence. Adham provided testimony on BCCI’s global fraud network, which U.S. District Attorney Robert Morgenthau described as a “corrupt criminal organization” throughout its 19-year history. As a result, Adham was barred from the US financial sector.

Alleged CIA-Linked Operations: Adham’s role in supporting Afghan mujahideen via BCCI raised questions about his involvement in covert U.S.-Pakistani operations, including potential arms and nuclear technology transfers to Pakistan during a U.S. embargo. His plea bargain ensured limited public disclosure, protecting U.S. and Saudi interests.