Editing Hafizullah Amin (section)

==Early Life and Education==
Hafizullah Amin was born in Qazi Khel village, Paghman, near Kabul, Afghanistan, to a Kharoti Ghilzai Pashtun family. His father, an office worker, died early, and Amin was raised by his elder brother Abdullah, a primary school teacher who later became secretary to the president of a large cotton company. This familial support enabled Amin to access education, a privilege that shaped his future. He attended primary and secondary schools in Kabul, excelling academically, and graduated from the Darul Mualimeen Teachers College and the scientific faculty of Kabul University, where he studied mathematics.

In 1957, Amin traveled to the United States to pursue graduate studies at Columbia University in New York City, earning a master’s degree in education. During his time in the U.S., he was exposed to student movements, notably joining the Socialist Progressive Club at Columbia. He returned to Afghanistan briefly but went back to the U.S. in 1962 to work on a doctoral dissertation at the University of Wisconsin. His political activism, including his role as chairman of the Federation of Afghan Students, an organization funded by the Asia Foundation, a CIA front, which later fueled speculation about his ties to American intelligence (Williams, 2015, p. 169; Cockburn, 1998, p. 263) led to his expulsion from the U.S. before completing his doctorate, due to his outspoken anti-imperialist views.