Editing John Peurifoy

Early Life and Education

John Emil Peurifoy, known as “Jack,” was born on August 9, 1907, in Walterboro, South Carolina, to John H. Peurifoy and Emily Wright. His family, descended from lawyers and jurists with roots in the New World tracing back to 1619, was steeped in Southern tradition. Peurifoy’s mother died when he was six, and his father passed away in December 1926, leaving him to navigate early adulthood independently. A 1926 high school graduate, his yearbook ambitiously noted his desire to become President of the United States. That same year, he received an appointment to the U.S. Military Academy at West Point but withdrew after two years due to chronic pneumonia, a health setback that shaped his early career path. Without a college degree, he pursued night classes at American University and George Washington University while working in Washington, D.C., but never graduated, relying instead on practical experience and determination.

Early Career and Entry into Government

Peurifoy’s early years were marked by eclectic jobs reflecting his resilience. After leaving West Point, he worked in New York City as a restaurant cashier and Wall Street clerk, immersing himself in the fast-paced urban environment of the late 1920s. By 1934, he moved to Washington, D.C., seeking a State Department position. He secured a patronage job through South Carolina Congressman “Cotton Ed” Smith, operating an elevator in the U.S. Senate Office Building, and briefly worked at the Treasury Department. When he lost that job, he and his wife, Betty Jane Cox, a former Oklahoma schoolteacher whom he married in 1936, both took positions at Woodward & Lothrop department store. In October 1938, Peurifoy passed civil service exams and joined the State Department as a $2,000-a-year clerk in the export license office, marking the start of his diplomatic career. By 1946, he had risen to an $8,000-a-year assistant to the Under Secretary of State, showcasing his rapid ascent through diligence and political acumen.

World War II and State Department Rise

During World War II, Peurifoy’s career gained momentum. In 1942, he served as a staff assistant with the Board of Economic Warfare, managing trade-related logistics. By 1942, he was a special assistant in the State Department’s Office of Public Affairs, coordinating public diplomacy efforts. In 1945, Secretary of State [[Edward R. Stettinius]] assigned him to oversee logistical support for the United Nations Conference in San Francisco, a “gigantic housekeeping job” involving 5,600 hotel rooms and global communications, per The New York Times. In March 1946, he became special assistant to Undersecretary of State [[Dean Acheson]], who recommended him for higher roles. In March 1947, Secretary [[George C. Marshall]] appointed Peurifoy Assistant Secretary of State for Administration, and in 1949, he was named Deputy Undersecretary of State for Administration, the third-ranking position in the department. His responsibilities encompassed personnel, consular affairs, facilities, and budget, excluding foreign policy substance, but included overseeing security amid McCarthy-era anti-communist purges.

Security and McCarthyism

Peurifoy played a pivotal role in the State Department’s response to McCarthyism. In 1947, under President Harry S. Truman’s Executive Order 9835, which mandated loyalty reviews to root out disloyal employees, Peurifoy commissioned an FBI audit of the State Department’s Division of Security and Investigations, finding it “lacking in thoroughness.” On December 7, 1948, he testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) during the Alger Hiss case, defending the department’s security measures while navigating intense political scrutiny. His efforts to strengthen internal security, including reorganizing the division, earned him a reputation as a tough administrator, though critics argued his reforms enabled McCarthy’s witch hunts. A lifelong Democrat and self-described liberal, Peurifoy’s South Carolina roots shaped his political identity, which he likened to a religion, yet he balanced loyalty to the department with Cold War pressures.

Diplomatic Career

Peurifoy’s diplomatic assignments cemented his status as the State Department’s “ace troubleshooter in Communist hotspots,” per The New York Times.

Ambassador to Greece (1950–1953): Appointed by Truman in July 1950, Peurifoy arrived in Athens post-civil war (1946–1949), facing a volatile political landscape. His assertive style, described by Greek media as treating governments as “subservient,” alienated some, with To Vima calling his approach “vile and brutal.” He clashed with Joseph McCarthy, believing the senator engineered his transfer due to a dispute over security files, though his anti-communist credentials made him ideal for Greece. Peurifoy secured U.S.-Greek relations, ensuring NATO alignment, and earned praise for his hands-on diplomacy. His tenure in Greece coincided with significant CIA operations and United States and NATO destabilization efforts.

Ambassador to Guatemala (1953–1954): In October 1953, under President Dwight D. Eisenhower, Secretary John Foster Dulles sent Peurifoy to Guatemala to confront President Jacobo Árbenz’s government, accused of communist leanings due to land reforms threatening the United Fruit Company (UFCO). Peurifoy played a central role in Operation PBSuccess, the CIA-led coup to overthrow Árbenz. Arriving in November 1953, he pressed Árbenz to expel communists, delivering ultimatums that echoed UFCO’s smear campaign, as noted in Bitter Fruit by Stephen Schlesinger and Stephen Kinzer. In June 1954, he coordinated with the CIA, uniting rebel leader Carlos Castillo Armas and junta head Elfego Monzón to ensure Castillo Armas’s presidency. Declassified CIA documents (1997) confirm Peurifoy’s influence, with his negotiations pivotal to the coup’s success, though critics argue he exacerbated Guatemala’s descent into civil war (1960–1996). Another posting coinciding with another CIA orchestrated coup.

Ambassador to Thailand (1954–1955): In September 1954, Peurifoy was appointed ambassador to Thailand, a key U.S. ally in Southeast Asia amid increased rhetoric about the communist influence in Indochina. Dulles expected him to counter communism, leveraging his Guatemala experience. His tenure was brief, cut short by tragedy. Thailand, during this period, was critical to the CIA heroin networks set up inconjunction with Taiwan's leader Chiang Kai Shek.

Personal Life and Tragedy

Peurifoy married Betty Jane Cox in 1936, and they had two sons: John Clinton Peurifoy (born circa 1940, with cerebral palsy) and Daniel Byrd Peurifoy (born 1946). The family faced significant challenges, with Clinton’s disability requiring constant care. A 1957 Time article recounted a Greek royal family anecdote from Peurifoy’s Athens years, where Prince Constantine called Clinton “Jesus’s favorite pupil” for enduring hardship, a sentiment Peurifoy and his son rejected as overly sentimental. 

On August 12, 1955, while serving in Thailand, Peurifoy and Daniel, aged nine, died in a car accident near Hua Hin when their Ford Thunderbird collided with a truck. Clinton, injured in the crash, died in 1959 at age 19. The U.S. government sent a military plane to repatriate their bodies, a decision criticized for its cost but approved by Eisenhower. Peurifoy, Daniel, and Clinton are buried together at Arlington National Cemetery. Betty Jane Cox Peurifoy (1912–1998) later married Arthur Chidester Steward and established the John E. Peurifoy Memorial Foundation in Thailand to fund Fulbright Scholars.

Legacy and Critical Perspective

Peurifoy’s career epitomized Cold War diplomacy’s aggressive anti-communism. His role in Guatemala’s 1954 coup, detailed in Secret History by Nick Cullather, made him a linchpin in Operation PBSuccess, earning praise from U.S. officials but condemnation for destabilizing a democratic government. The coup’s aftermath, sparking a civil war with over 200,000 deaths, remains his most controversial legacy, as noted in Shattered Hope by Piero Gleijeses. In Greece, his heavy-handed approach strengthened U.S. influence but strained relations with local leaders. His Thailand tenure, though brief, positioned him to counter communism in a critical region.

Critical works like Bitter Fruit depict Peurifoy as a CIA pawn enforcing U.S. imperialism. There were claims he was assassination in Thailand due to his being suspected as under the influence of the CIA.